# Workforce planning: how do you get the right people at the right time?

> Workforce planning for a Quebec service business: time horizons, CNESST scheduling rules, vacation timing and a peak-season calculation for a landscaper.

Updated on October 15, 2026 · https://app.pilotiko.com/en/glossary/workforce-planning

Workforce planning means estimating the staff a period will need (headcount, skills and hours), comparing that with the people you actually have, then deciding how to close the gap: schedules, overtime, hiring, training or subcontracting. In Quebec, every plan also has to respect the labour standards enforced by the CNESST, from notice periods to weekly rest.

## In short
- Three horizons: next week's schedule, the season, and longer-term hiring or training.
- A schedule given less than 5 days ahead can be refused, with some exceptions.
- Beyond 50 hours in a week, a worker may refuse unless hours are staggered.
- Annual vacation (2 or 3 weeks depending on seniority) should be placed outside peaks.

## Over what horizons do you plan a workforce?

The term covers three exercises with different rhythms and tools. In the short term, you build next week's schedule: who works, which days, on which contracts. In the medium term, you prepare a season: how many hours May will need versus November, and who takes vacation when. In the long term, you decide whether to hire, train someone in a new skill or hand part of the work to a subcontractor.

All three start from the same comparison: the work to be done on one side, the team's [capacity](https://app.pilotiko.com/en/glossary/service-capacity) on the other. What changes is room to manoeuvre. A tight week is solved with overtime; a season calls for temporary hires and a vacation calendar; a lasting trend calls for another position.

| Horizon | Typical decisions | Quebec rule to keep in mind |
|---|---|---|
| Week | Schedule, replacements, overtime | Schedule known 5 days ahead  |
| Season | Temporary hires, vacation calendar | Vacation taken within 12 months after the reference year  |
| Year and beyond | Permanent hires, training, subcontracting | Staggered hours over 8 weeks at most, with authorization  |

Pilotiko summary; the rules cited come from CNESST pages.

## Which scheduling rules shape workforce planning in Quebec?

The baseline is the 40-hour standard work week [1], beyond which overtime is paid at time and a half [5]. On top of that, several thresholds give workers the right to refuse. On a given day, they may refuse to work more than 2 hours beyond their regular hours or more than 14 hours in a 24-hour period; for flexible or non-continuous hours, the threshold is 12 hours [2]. Over a week, they may refuse beyond 50 hours unless their hours are staggered [2].

Notice matters as much as volume. A worker may refuse a day whose schedule wasn't given 5 days in advance, unless their duties require them to stay available; an employer can still extend a day already under way, within the 2-hour limit [2]. Finally, each week must leave at least 32 consecutive hours of rest, and a 30-minute meal break is due after 5 consecutive hours of work [3].

## How do you plan a landscaping peak season?

**Estimate: a fictional landscaping company in Quebec City, peak week in May**

- Employees available : 6
- Regular hours (6 × 40 h) : 240 h
- Hours needed for signed contracts (assumption) : 288 h
- Gap to cover : 48 h
- Overtime per employee (48 ÷ 6) : 8 h, so 48 h for the week
- Weekly refusal threshold : 50 h, so respected
- Hours per day over 5 days (48 ÷ 5) : 9.6 h, under the 10-hour limit for someone who usually works 8
- Vacation owed (6 × 2 weeks) : 12 person-weeks to place outside the peak
- **= The peak can be absorbed with 8 hours of overtime each, without crossing the refusal thresholds, as long as the schedule goes out 5 days ahead and the 12 weeks of vacation land between July and October rather than in May.**

## How do you fit annual vacation into the plan?

Vacation accumulates over a 12-month reference year, which in most cases runs from May 1 to April 30, and must be taken within the 12 months that follow [4]. The minimum length depends on uninterrupted service: one day per full month before one year (up to 2 weeks), 2 consecutive weeks from 1 to 3 years, then 3 consecutive weeks from 3 years on [4]. For a seasonal business, the vacation calendar is a core piece of the plan, to be set before the busy season starts.

Seasonal businesses have another option: staggered hours. Overtime is then calculated on an average over several weeks, provided that average matches the standard work week; it requires CNESST authorization requested at least 2 months ahead, signatures from most of the staff concerned, and a period of no more than 8 weeks [5]. The initial authorization is valid for 1 year [5].

## Which workforce planning mistakes should you avoid?

- Planning on paid hours without subtracting travel, training and absences.
- Posting the schedule the night before and being surprised when someone refuses a day.
- Counting on 55-hour weeks at peak, past the 50-hour refusal threshold.
- Letting everyone book vacation in May, in the middle of the season.
- Staggering hours without authorization and without paying overtime in the meantime.
- Planning by headcount instead of skills: six people aren't six irrigation specialists.

## What does Pilotiko do for workforce planning?

Pilotiko brings each person's calendar, appointments and workload together in [scheduling](https://app.pilotiko.com/en/product/booking-and-scheduling), available today. Suggested assignments take calendars, planned workload and skills into account; overload triggers a warning with the numbers, and nothing is applied without a manager's approval. Internal reports show workload and indicators per room of the virtual office. Day-to-day [dispatch](https://app.pilotiko.com/en/glossary/dispatch) decisions and [CNESST](https://app.pilotiko.com/en/glossary/cnesst) compliance remain your responsibility. To put a number on a hire, try the [employee cost calculator](https://app.pilotiko.com/en/tools/employee-cost-quebec).

> Service demand forecasting: coming soon. Pilotiko doesn't yet estimate the labour hours of upcoming weeks; only inventory forecasting exists today. Future volume still has to be entered from your contracts.

## Frequently asked questions

### How far ahead must I post the schedule?

According to the CNESST, a worker may refuse to work if their schedule wasn't given 5 days in advance, unless their duties require them to stay available. An employer can still extend a day already under way, by up to 2 hours.

### Can an employee refuse overtime?

Yes, past certain thresholds: more than 2 hours beyond regular hours or more than 14 hours in 24, and more than 50 hours in the week unless hours are staggered. They can't refuse if it would endanger other people's life, health or safety, or in a case of force majeure.

### What's the difference between workforce planning and dispatch?

Planning sets staffing levels and schedules ahead of time, for a week or a season. Dispatch decides day by day which scheduled person takes which call.

### What are staggered work hours?

It's a mechanism that calculates overtime on an average over several weeks, up to 8. It requires CNESST authorization requested at least 2 months ahead, unless it's provided for in a collective agreement or a decree.

### Should I plan by headcount or by skills?

Skills first. A plan with enough total hours can still fail if the only qualified person for a task is on vacation the week it's needed.

## Sources

1. CNESST, « Standard work week », https://www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/en/working-conditions/work-schedule-and-termination-employment/work-schedule/standard-work-week (accessed on 2026-10-15)
2. CNESST, « Right to refuse to work overtime », https://www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/en/working-conditions/work-schedule-and-termination-employment/work-schedule/right-refuse-work/right-refuse-work-overtime (accessed on 2026-10-15)
3. CNESST, « Time worked, breaks and 3-hour indemnity », https://www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/en/working-conditions/work-schedule-and-termination-employment/work-schedule/presence-work-breaks-and-weekly-rest-period (accessed on 2026-10-15)
4. CNESST, « Annual vacation », https://www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/en/working-conditions/leave/annual-vacation (accessed on 2026-10-15)
5. CNESST, « Staggered work hours », https://www.cnesst.gouv.qc.ca/en/working-conditions/work-schedule-and-termination-employment/work-schedule/staggered-work-hours (accessed on 2026-10-15)